Today, many North African and Middle Eastern nations have little Jewish population remaining. The conflict created resentment over Jewish nationalism in Muslim-majority nations.Īs a result, anti-Semitic activities grew in many Arab nations, causing most Jews to leave over the next few decades. Following the establishment of a Jewish State in Israel in 1948, the Israelis fought for control of Palestine against a coalition of Arab states.Īt the end of the War, Israel kept much of Palestine, resulting in the forced exodus of roughly 700,000 Muslim Palestinians from their homes. Jews did not receive citizenship and gain rights throughout much of western Europe, however, until the late 1700s and 1800s.Īnti-Semitism in the Middle East has existed for millennia, but increased greatly since World War II. In 1264, Polish prince Bolesław the Pious issued a decree allowing Jews personal, political and religious freedoms. Jews were denied citizenship and civil liberties, including religious freedom throughout much of medieval Europe. This resulted in economic resentment which forced the expulsion of Jews from several European countries including France, Germany, Portugal and Spain during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Some Jews became prominent in banking and moneylending, because early Christianity didn’t permit moneylending for interest. Some countries also required Jews to distinguish themselves from Christians with a yellow badge worn on their garment, or a special hat called a Judenhut. In many European cities, Jews were confined to certain neighborhoods called ghettos. Many of the anti-Semitic practices seen in Nazi Germany actually have their roots in medieval Europe. These religious attitudes were reflected in anti-Jewish economic, social and political policies that pervaded into the European Middle Ages. The history of anti-Semitism, however, goes back much further. The term anti-Semitism was first popularized by German journalist Wilhelm Marr in 1879 to describe hatred or hostility toward Jews. Anti-Jewish riots called pogroms swept the Russian Empire during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and anti-Semitic incidents have increased in parts of Europe, the Middle East and North America in the last several years. In much of Europe throughout the Middle Ages, Jewish people were denied citizenship and forced to live in ghettos. Anti-Semitism did not begin with Adolf Hitler: Anti-Semitic attitudes date back to ancient times. The Nazi Holocaust is history’s most extreme example of anti-Semitism.
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